Keywords
sibling bullying
LGBT
sexual and gender minority (SGM)
adolescents
emerging adults
How to Cite
Abstract
Objectives: This paper examines family victimization, well-being, and resilience among sexual and gender minority (SGM) adolescents and emerging adults aged 15 to 29 years.
Methods: Self-reported data were collected online (2019-2020) from 1,971 Canadian SGM youths. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds of: (a) having experienced family victimization over the past 12 months; (b) reporting well-being across the various frequencies of family victimization; and (c) thriving (i.e., flourishing despite having experienced family victimization).
Results: About 36% of participants experienced family victimization within the previous 12 months, with 13% reporting recurrent family victimization. Recurrent victimization was more prevalent among trans and nonbinary youths as compared to cisgender men, and was also more prevalent among socioeconomically disadvantaged participants. Recurrent victimization was significantly associated with higher odds of reporting internalized heterosexism, efforts to conceal gender and sexual orientation, languishing mental health, social anxiety, loneliness, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Thriving participants were less likely to experience activity restrictions or to live with at least one parent, and more likely to score higher on authenticity scales, to report proactive norms against violence within their family, and to have food and economic security.
Conclusion: Despite recent advances in SGM rights and acceptance, SGM youths still face family victimization and compromised well-being.
Implications: These findings underline the importance of screening for family violence among SGM youths, particularly among trans youths and those of lower socioeconomic status. Findings also underline the importance of providing SGM youth both a safe family environment and material security.
References
Allison, P. D. (2012). Logistic regression using SAS: Theory and application (2nd ed.). SAS Institute Inc.
Andersen, J. P., Zou, C., & Blosnich, J. (2015). Multiple early victimization experiences as a pathway to explain physical health disparities among sexual minority and heterosexual individuals. Social Science & Medicine, 133, 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.043
Austin, A., Craig, S. L., Matarese, M., Greeno, E. J., Weeks, A., & Betsinger, S. A. (2021). Preliminary effectiveness of an LGBTQ+ affirmative parenting intervention with foster parents. Children and Youth Services Review, 127, Article 106107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106107
Ayoub, P. M., & Garretson, J. (2017). Getting the message out: Media context and global changes in attitudes toward homosexuality. Comparative Political Studies, 50(8), 1055-1085. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016666836
Bry, L. J., Mustanski, B., Garofalo, R., & Burns, M. N. (2017). Management of a concealable stigmatized identity: A qualitative study of concealment, disclosure, and role flexing among young, resilient sexual and gender minority individuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(6), 745-769. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1236574
Burke, S. E., & LaFrance, M. (2016). Lay conceptions of sexual minority groups. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(3), 635-650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0655-5
Cannas Aghedu, F., Blais, M., Philibert, M., Côté, I., Samoilenko, M., & Chamberland, L. (2022). Social resource patterns and health outcomes among Canadian LGBTQ2+ adults: A latent class analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 314, Article 115476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115476
Carastathis, G. S., Cohen, L., Kaczmarek, E., & Chang, P. (2017). Rejected by family for being gay or lesbian: Portrayals, perceptions, and resilience. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(3), 289-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1179035
Catalpa, J. M., & McGuire, J. K. (2018). Family boundary ambiguity among transgender youth. Family Relations, 67(1), 88-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12304
Chan, K. K. S., & Leung, D. C. K. (2021). The impact of mindfulness on self-stigma and affective symptoms among sexual minorities. Journal of Affective Disorders, 286, 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.057
Chan, K. L., Chen, Q., & Chen, M. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of the co-occurrence of family violence: A meta-analysis on family polyvictimization. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(2), 289-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019841601
Chrisler, A. J. (2017). Understanding parent reactions to coming out as lesbian, gay, or bisexual: A theoretical framework: Parent reactions to coming out. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 9(2), 165-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12194
Clément, M.-È., Chamberland, C., & Bouchard, C. (2015). Prevalence, co-occurrence and decennial trends of family violence toward children in the general population. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 106, eS31-eS37. https://doi.org/10.17269/cjph.106.4839
Cramér, H. (1999). Mathematical methods of statistics (PMS-9). Princeton University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bpm9r4
Currie, C., Nic Gabhainn, S., Godeau, E., & The International HBSC Network Coordinating Committee. (2009). The health behaviour in school-aged children: WHO collaborative cross-national (HBSC) study: Origins, concept, history and development 1982-2008. International Journal of Public Health, 54(S2), 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-5404-x
D’Augelli, A. R., Grossman, A. H., & Starks, M. T. (2006). Childhood gender atypicality, victimization, and PTSD among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(11), 1462-1482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506293482
D’Augelli, A. R., Grossman, A. H., Starks, M. T., & Sinclair, K. O. (2010). Factors associated with parents’ knowledge of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths’ sexual orientation. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 6(2), 178-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504281003705410
deLara, E. W. (2022). Family bullying in childhood: Consequences for young adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(3-4), 2206-2226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520934450
Diamond, L. M. (2008). Female bisexuality from adolescence to adulthood: Results from a 10-year longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.5
Dickson, D. J., Laursen, B., Valdes, O., & Stattin, H. (2019). Derisive parenting fosters dysregulated anger in adolescent children and subsequent difficulties with peers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(8), 1567-1579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01040-z
Every-Palmer, S., Jenkins, M., Gendall, P., Hoek, J., Beaglehole, B., Bell, C., Williman, J., Rapsey, C., & Stanley, J. (2020). Psychological distress, anxiety, family violence, suicidality, and wellbeing in New Zealand during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE, 15(11), Article e0241658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241658
Ferlatte, O., Oliffe, J. L., Salway, T., Broom, A., Bungay, V., & Rice, S. (2019). Using photovoice to understand suicidality among gay, bisexual, and two-spirit men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(5), 1529-1541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-1433-6
Friedman, M. S., Marshal, M. P., Guadamuz, T. E., Wei, C., Wong, C. F., Saewyc, E. M., & Stall, R. (2011). A meta-analysis of disparities in childhood sexual abuse, parental physical abuse, and peer victimization among sexual minority and sexual nonminority individuals. American Journal of Public Health, 101(8), 1481-1494. https://doi.org/10/c6fv3d
Gartner, R. E., & Sterzing, P. R. (2018). Social ecological correlates of family-level interpersonal and environmental microaggressions toward sexual and gender minority adolescents. Journal of Family Violence, 33(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-017-9937-0
Gilmour, H. (2014). Positive mental health and mental illness. Health Reports, 25(9), 3-9. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/82-003-x/2014009/article/14086-eng.pdf?st=1zIAZINw
Giner, K.-L., & Perron, M. (2017). Enquête téléphonique sur la perception et les attitudes de la population québécoise à l’égard des réalités LGBT. Direction des communications, Ministère de la Justice, Gouvernement du Québec. https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/famille/violence/homophobie-transphobie/RA_enqueteLGBT_2017_MJQ.pdf
Goh, J. X., Kort, D. N., Thurston, A. M., Benson, L. R., & Kaiser, C. R. (2019). Does concealing a sexual minority identity prevent exposure to prejudice? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(8), 1056-1064. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619829065
Grondin, C. (2016). A new survey measure of disability: The disability screening questions (DSQ). Social Survey Methods Division, Statistics Canada. http://deslibris.ca/ID/10049023
Hamby, S., Turner, H., & Finkelhor, D. (2015). Financial strain index. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2368.0161
Hart, T. A., Noor, S. W., Vernon, J. R. G., Kidwai, A., Roberts, K., Myers, T., & Calzavara, L. (2018). Childhood Maltreatment, bullying victimization, and psychological distress among gay and bisexual men. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(4-5), 604-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1401972
Hibbard, R. A., Desch, L. W., the Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, & Council on Children With Disabilities. (2007). Maltreatment of children with disabilities. Pediatrics, 119(5), 1018-1025. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-0565
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results From two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655-672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504268574
Humphreys, K. L., Myint, M. T., & Zeanah, C. H. (2020). Increased risk for family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatrics, 146(1), e20200982. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0982
Ingram, A. K. (2020). Understanding the lived experiences of transgender youth with disabilities. In R. Shuttleworth & L. Mona (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of disability and sexuality (1st ed., pp. 307-324). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429489570-28
Jackson, D. B., Lynch, K. R., Helton, J. J., & Vaughn, M. G. (2018). Food insecurity and violence in the home: Investigating exposure to violence and victimization among preschool-aged children. Health Education & Behavior, 45(5), 756-763. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198118760683
Katz-Wise, S. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2012). Victimization experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Sex Research, 49(2-3), 142-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.637247
Katz-Wise, S. L., Rosario, M., & Tsappis, M. (2016). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth and family acceptance. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 63(6), 1011-1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.005
Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From Languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207-222. https://doi.org/10/cd5xms
Keyes, C. L. M. (2006). Mental health in adolescence: Is America’s youth flourishing? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(3), 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.3.395
Khanlou, N., & Wray, R. (2014). A whole community approach toward child and youth resilience promotion: A Review of resilience literature. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12(1), 64-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-013-9470-1
Kroenke, C. (2008). Socioeconomic status and health: Youth development and neomaterialist and psychosocial mechanisms. Social Science & Medicine, 66(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.07.018
La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(2), 83-94. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022684520514
Lehavot, K., & Simoni, J. M. (2011). The impact of minority stress on mental health and substance use among sexual minority women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022839
Levitt, H. M., Horne, S. G., Herbitter, C., Ippolito, M., Reeves, T., Baggett, L. R., Maxwell, D., Dunnavant, B., & Geiss, M. (2016). Resilience in the face of sexual minority stress: “Choices” between authenticity and self-determination. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 28(1), 67-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2016.1126212
Li, M. J., Thing, J. P., Galvan, F. H., Gonzalez, K. D., & Bluthenthal, R. N. (2017). Contextualising family microaggressions and strategies of resilience among young gay and bisexual men of Latino heritage. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 19(1), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2016.1208273
Maguire-Jack, K., & Font, S. A. (2017). Intersections of individual and neighborhood disadvantage: Implications for child maltreatment. Children and Youth Services Review, 72, 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.015
Mahon, C. P., Pachankis, J. E., Kiernan, G., & Gallagher, P. (2021). Risk and protective factors for social anxiety among sexual minority individuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(3), 1015-1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01845-1
Maroney, M. R., & McGinley, M. (2020). Mental Health for sexual and gender minority individuals with physical or cognitive disabilities. In E. D. Rothblum (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of sexual and gender minority mental health (pp. 405-417). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190067991.013.36
Martinez, K., & McDonald, C. (2021). Inter-sibling violence as a mechanism of hegemony: Retrospective accounts from a non-binary and LGBTQ+ sample in the United States. Journal of Gender-Based Violence, 5(2), 215-229. https://doi.org/10.1332/239868020X16091677096875
Mayfield, W. (2001). The development of an internalized homonegativity inventory for gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(2), 53-76. https://doi.org/10/cqw668
McGeough, B. L., & Sterzing, P. R. (2018). A systematic review of family victimization experiences among sexual minority youth. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 39(5), 491-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-018-0523-x
Meidlinger, P. C., & Hope, D. A. (2014). Differentiating disclosure and concealment in measurement of outness for sexual minorities: The Nebraska outness scale. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 489-497. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000080
Mistry, R. S., Benner, A. D., Tan, C. S., & Kim, S. Y. (2009). Family economic stress and academic well-being among Chinese-American youth: The influence of adolescents’ perceptions of economic strain. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(3), 279-290. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015403
Monahan, E. K. (2020). Income instability and child maltreatment: Exploring associations and mechanisms. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, Article 104596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104596
Mooney, M. (2017). Recognizing, treating, and preventing trauma in LGBTQ youth. Journal of Family Strengths, 17(2), Article 16. https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/jfs/vol17/iss2/16
Musicaro, R. M., Spinazzola, J., Arvidson, J., Swaroop, S. R., Goldblatt Grace, L., Yarrow, A., Suvak, M. K., & Ford, J. D. (2019). The complexity of adaptation to childhood polyvictimization in youth and young adults: Recommendations for multidisciplinary responders. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017692365
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus user’s guide. Eight edition. Muthén and Muthén.
Newcomb, M. E., LaSala, M. C., Bouris, A., Mustanski, B., Prado, G., Schrager, S. M., & Huebner, D. M. (2019). The influence of families on lgbtq youth health: A call to action for innovation in research and intervention development. LGBT Health, 6(4), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2018.0157
Newhook, J. T., Winters, K., Pyne, J., Jamieson, A., Holmes, C., Feder, S., Pickett, S., & Sinnott, M.-L. (2018). Teach your parents and providers well: Call for refocus on the health of trans and gender-diverse children. Canadian Family Physician | Le Médecin de Famille Canadien, 64(5), 332-335. https://www.cfp.ca/content/64/5/332
Pachankis, J. E. (2007). The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 328-345. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.328
Pachankis, J. E., & Bränström, R. (2018). Hidden from happiness: Structural stigma, sexual orientation concealment, and life satisfaction across 28 countries. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(5), 403-415. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000299
Pachankis, J. E., Mahon, C. P., Jackson, S. D., Fetzner, B. K., & Bränström, R. (2020). Sexual orientation concealment and mental health: A conceptual and meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(10), 831-871. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000271
Pampalon, R., Hamel, D., Gamache, P., Philibert, M. D., Raymond, G., & Simpson, A. (2012). An area-based material and social deprivation index for public health in Québec and Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health / Revue Canadienne de Sante’e Publique, 103(2), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03403824
Peduzzi, P., Concato, J., Kemper, E., Holford, T. R., & Feinstein, A. R. (1996). A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49(12), 1373-1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(96)00236-3
Peter, T., Roberts, L. W., & Dengate, J. (2011). Flourishing in life: An empirical test of the dual continua model of mental health and mental illness among Canadian university students. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 13(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623730.2011.9715646
Prins, A., Bovin, M. J., Smolenski, D. J., Marx, B. P., Kimerling, R., Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Kaloupek, D. G., Schnurr, P. P., Kaiser, A. P., Leyva, Y. E., & Tiet, Q. Q. (2016). The primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): Development and evaluation within a veteran primary care sample. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(10), 1206-1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3703-5
Prior, E. E. (2021). Navigating genders and orientations. In S. Dodd (Ed.), The Routledge international handbook of social work and sexualities (1st ed., pp. 56-66). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429342912-7
Pullen Sansfaçon, A., Gelly, M. A., & Ens Manning, K. (2021). Affirmation and safety: An Intersectional analysis of trans and nonbinary youths in Quebec. Social Work Research, 45(3), 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svab009
Pullen Sansfaçon, A., Kirichenko, V., Holmes, C., Feder, S., Lawson, M. L., Ghosh, S., Ducharme, J., Temple Newhook, J., & Suerich-Gulick, F. (2020). Parents’ journeys to acceptance and support of gender-diverse and trans children and youth. Journal of Family Issues, 41(8), 1214-1236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19888779
Rea, L. M., & Parker, R. A. (2014). Designing and conducting survey research: A comprehensive guide. John Wiley & Sons.
Riggle, E. D. B., Rostosky, S. S., Black, W. W., & Rosenkrantz, D. E. (2017). Outness, concealment, and authenticity: Associations with LGB individuals’ psychological distress and well-being. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(1), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000202
Ristock, J., Zoccole, A., Passante, L., & Potskin, J. (2019). Impacts of colonization on Indigenous Two-Spirit/LGBTQ Canadians’ experiences of migration, mobility and relationship violence. Sexualities, 22(5-6), 767-784. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460716681474
Roberts, K. E., Schwartz, D., & Hart, T. A. (2011). Social anxiety among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents and young adults. In C. A. Alfano & D. C. Beidel (Eds.), Social anxiety in adolescents and young adults: Translating developmental science into practice (pp. 161-181). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12315-009
Roberts, L. L. (2019). Changing worldwide attitudes toward homosexuality: The influence of global and region-specific cultures, 1981-2012. Social Science Research, 80, 114-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.12.003
Rothman, E. F., Sullivan, M., Keyes, S., & Boehmer, U. (2012). Parents’ supportive reactions to sexual orientation disclosure associated with better health: Results from a population-based survey of LGB adults in Massachusetts. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(2), 186-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2012.648878
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
Russomanno, J., Patterson, J. G., & Jabson, J. M. (2019). Food insecurity among transgender and gender nonconforming individuals in the southeast United States: A qualitative study. Transgender Health, 4(1), 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2018.0024
Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics, 123(1), 346-352. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3524
Ryan, R. M., LaGuardia, J. G., & Rawsthome, L. J. (2005). Self-complexity and the authenticity of self-aspects: Effects on well being and resilience to stressful events. North American Journal of Psychology, 7(3), 431-447.
Sadika, B., Wiebe, E., Morrison, M. A., & Morrison, T. G. (2020). Intersectional microaggressions and social support for LGBTQ Persons of color: A systematic review of the Canadian-based empirical literature. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 16(2), 111-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2020.1724125
Schwartz, D. R., Stratton, N., & Hart, T. A. (2016). Minority stress and mental and sexual health: Examining the psychological mediation framework among gay and bisexual men. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(3), 313-324. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000180
Shaw, T., Dooley, J. J., Cross, D., Zubrick, S. R., & Waters, S. (2013). The forms of bullying scale (FBS): Validity and reliability estimates for a measure of bullying victimization and perpetration in adolescence. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1045-1057. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032955
Spivak, B., McEwan, T., Luebbers, S., & Ogloff, J. (2021). Implementing evidence-based practice in policing family violence: The reliability, validity and feasibility of a risk assessment instrument for prioritising police response. Policing and Society, 31(4), 483-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2020.1757668
StataCorp. (2021). Stata statistical software (Version 17). StataCorp LLC.
Sterzing, P. R., Gartner, R. E., Goldbach, J. T., McGeough, B. L., Ratliff, G. A., & Johnson, K. C. (2019). Polyvictimization prevalence rates for sexual and gender minority adolescents: Breaking down the silos of victimization research. Psychology of Violence, 9(4), 419-430. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000123
Stoddard, J. P., Dibble, S. L., & Fineman, N. (2009). Sexual and physical abuse: A comparison between lesbians and their heterosexual sisters. Journal of Homosexuality, 56(4), 407-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360902821395
Taylor, A. B., Chan, A., Hall, S. L., Saewyc, E. M., & the Canadian Trans & Non-binary Youth Health Survey Research Group. (2020). Being safe, being me 2019: Results of the Canadian trans and non-binary youth health survey. Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, University of British Columbia. https://apsc-saravyc.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2020/12/Being-Safe-Being-Me-2019_SARAVYC_ENG_1.2.pdf
Weaver, L. J., & Hadley, C. (2009). Moving beyond hunger and nutrition: A systematic review of the evidence linking food insecurity and mental health in developing countries. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 48(4), 263-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670240903001167
Willoughby, B. L. B., Doty, N. D., & Malik, N. M. (2010). Victimization, family rejection, and outcomes of gay, lesbian, and bisexual young people: The role of negative GLB identity. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 6(4), 403-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2010.511085
Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S. (2008). The authentic personality: A theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the Authenticity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 385-399. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385
Yadegarfard, M., Meinhold-Bergmann, M. E., & Ho, R. (2014). Family rejection, social isolation, and loneliness as predictors of negative health outcomes (depression, suicidal ideation, and sexual risk behavior) among Thai male-to-female transgender adolescents. Journal of LGBT Youth, 11(4), 347-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2014.910483
Yoon, S., Dillard, R., Pei, F., McCarthy, K. S., Beaujolais, B., Wang, X., Maguire-Jack, K., Wolf, K., & Cochey, S. (2020). Defining resilience in maltreated children from the practitioners' perspectives: A qualitative study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 106, Article 104516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104516