Comment citer
Résumé
Objectifs : Cette étude vise à approfondir la compréhension de l’implication de la protection de la jeunesse auprès des familles de nouveaux arrivants en Ontario, au Canada en 2018. Cette étude examine a) le taux et les caractéristiques des enquêtes liées à la maltraitance des enfants impliquant des familles de nouveaux arrivants et b) les différences dans les enquêtes liées à la maltraitance des enfants entre les familles de nouveaux arrivants et les familles non nouvellement arrivées.
Méthode : Cette étude est une analyse secondaire des données de l’étude sur l’incidence de maltraitance des enfants en Ontario en 2018 (OIS-2018). En utilisant les données du recensement de statistique Canada, l’indice de disparité basé sur la population a été calculé pour les familles nouvellement arrivées et celles non nouvellement arrivées. Des analyses descriptives et de chi-carré bivariés ont été réalisées pour déterminer les caractéristiques des enquêtes impliquant des ménages de nouveaux arrivants et de non-nouveaux arrivants.
Résultats : L’indice de disparité basé sur la population de l’incidence des enquêtes liées à la maltraitance impliquant des enfants de moins de 15 ans provenant de ménages de nouveaux arrivants par rapport aux ménages non nouvellement arrivées en Ontario en 2018 est de 2.48.
Implications : Les résultats suggèrent qu'une enquête liée à la maltraitance des enfants est plus de deux fois plus probable d’arriver si elle concerne un enfant nouvellement arrivé par rapport à un enfant non nouvellement arrivé. Cette étude démontre la nécessité d’une collaboration accrue avec les communautés des familles de nouveaux arrivants et leurs prestataires de services sociaux afin de mieux saisir les facteurs liés à l’implication de la protection de la jeunesse et pour augmenter les facteurs de protection pour les enfants issues des familles de nouveaux arrivants.
Références
Antwi-Boasiako, K., King, B., Fallon, B., Trocme, N., Fluke, J., Chabot, M., & Esposito, T. (2020). Differences and disparities over time: Black and White families investigated by Ontario’s child welfare system. Child Abuse & Neglect, 107, 104618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104618
Barth, R. P. (2005). Child welfare and race: Models of disproportionality. In D. Derezotes, M. Testa, & J. Poertner (Eds.). Race matters in child welfare: The overrepresentation of African American children in the system (pp. 25-46). Child Welfare League of America.
Beiser, M., Dion, R., Gotowiec, A., Hyman, I., & Vu, N. (1995). Immigrant and refugee children in Canada. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40(2), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379504000203
Cénat, J. M., McIntee, S. E., Mukunzi, J. N., & Noorishad, P. G. (2020). Overrepresentation of Black children in the child welfare system: A systematic review to understand and better act. Children and Youth Services Review, 105714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105714
Cénat, J. M., Noorishad, P. G., Czechowski, K., McIntee, S. E., & Mukunzi, J. N. (2020). Racial disparities in child welfare in Ontario (Canada) and training on ethnocultural diversity: An innovative mixed-methods study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 108, 104659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104659
Critelli, F. M. (2015). Parenting in a new land: specialized services for immigrant and refugee families in the USA. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 16(4), 871-890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0359-z
Child, Youth and Family Services Act, 2017, S.O. 2017, c. 14, Sched. 1. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/17c14
Dennis, C. L., Merry, L., Stewart, D., & Gagnon, A. J. (2016). Prevalence, continuation, and identification of postpartum depressive symptomatology among refugee, asylum-seeking, non-refugee immigrant, and Canadian-born women: results from a prospective cohort study. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 19(6), 959-967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-016-0633-5
Derezotes, D., Testa, M., & Poertner, J. (Eds.). (2005). Race matters in child welfare: The overrepresentation of African American children in the system. Child Welfare League of America.
Dettlaff, A. J., Rivaux, S. L., Baumann, D. J., Fluke, J. D., Rycraft, J. R., & James, J. (2011). Disentangling substantiation: The influence of race, income, and risk on the substantiation decision in child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(9), 1630–1637. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.04.005
Drake, B., Jolley, J. M., Lanier, P., Fluke, J., Barth, R. P., & Jonson-Reid, M. (2011). Racial bias in child protection? A comparison of competing explanations using national data. Pediatrics. 123(3), 471-478. https://doi.org/10:1542/peds.2010-1710
Drake, B., Lee, S. M., & Jonson-Reid, M. (2009). Race and child maltreatment reporting: Are Blacks overrepresented? Children and Youth Services Review, 31(3), 309–316. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.08.004
Drake, B. & Rank, M. R. (2009). The racial divide among American children in poverty: Reassessing the importance of neighborhood. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(12), 1264–1271. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.05.012
Earner, I. (2007). Immigrant families and public child welfare: barriers to services and approaches for change. Child Welfare: Journal of Policy, Practice, and Program, 86(4), 63–91.
Fallon, B., Filippelli, J., Joh-Carnella, N., Miller, S. & Denburg, A. (2019). Trends in investigations of abuse or neglect referred by hospital personnel in Ontario. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 3(e000386), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000386
Fallon, B., Filippelli, J., Lefebvre, R., Joh-Carnella, N., Trocme, N., Black, T., MacLaurin, B., Helie, S., Morin, Y., Fluke, J., King, B., Esposito, T., Collin-Vezina, D., Allan, K., Houston, E., Harlick, M., Bonnie, N., Budau, K., Goodman, D., … Stoddart, J. (2020). Ontario incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect-2018 (OIS-2018). Child Welfare Research Portal. https://cwrp.ca/sites/default/files/publications/Ontario%20Incidence%20Study%20of%20Reported%20Child%20Abuse%20and%20Neglect%202018.pdf
Fallon, B., Ma, J., Allan, K., Pillhofer, M., Trocmé, N., & Jud, A. (2013). Opportunities for prevention and intervention with young children: lessons from the Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 7(4) 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-7-4
Fallon, B., Van Wert, M., Trocmé, N., MacLaurin, B., Sinha, V., Lefebvre, R., Allan, K., Black, T., Lee, B., Rha, W., Smith, C., & Goel, S. (2015) Ontario incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect-2013 (OIS-2013). Child Welfare Research Portal. https://cwrp.ca/sites/default/files/publications/ois-2013final0.pdf
First Nations Information Governance Centre. (n.d.). The First Nations Principles of OCAP. https://fnigc.ca/ocap-training/
Fluke, J., Harden, B. J., Jenkins, M., & Ruehrdanz, A. (2010). Research synthesis on child welfare disproportionality and disparities. In P. McCarthy (Ed.). Disparities and Disproportionality in child welfare: Analysis of the research. Center for the Study of Social Policy and The Annie E. Casey Foundation on behalf of the Alliance for Racial Equity in Child Welfare. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/es2011_session_104.pdf
Garcini, L., Chen, N., Cantu, E., Sanchez, N., Ziauddin, K., Maza, V., & Molina, M. (2020). Protective factors to the wellbeing of undocumented Latinx immigrants in the United States: A socio-ecological approach. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2020.1836300
Greenberg, J. P. (2014). Significance of after-school programming for immigrant children during middle childhood: Opportunities for school social work. Social Work, 59(3), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swu022
Hagelskamp, C., Suárez‐Orozco, C., & Hughes, D. (2010). Migrating to opportunities: How family migration motivations shape academic trajectories among newcomer immigrant youth. Journal of Social Issues, 66(4), 717-739. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01672.x
Hernandez, D., & Darke, K. (1999). Socioeconomic and demographic risk factors and resources among children in immigrant and native-born families: 1910, 1960, and 1990. In D. Hernandez (Ed.), Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. (pp. 19-126). National Academy Press.
Human Rights Code, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.19. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90h19
International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2019). International migration law: Glossary on migration. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf
Johnson, M. A. (2007). The social ecology of acculturation: Implications for child welfare services to children of immigrants. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(11), 1426-1438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.06.002
King, B., Fallon, B., Boyd, R., Black, T., Antwi-Boasiako, K., & O’Connor, C. (2017). Factors associated with racial differences in child welfare investigative decision-making in Ontario, Canada. Child Abuse & Neglect, 73, 89-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.027
Lavergne, C., Dufour, S., Trocmé, N., & Larrivée, M. C. (2008). Visible minority, Aboriginal, and Caucasian children investigated by Canadian protective services. Child Welfare: Journal of Policy, Practice, and Program, 87(2), 59–76.
Lee, B., Fuller-Thomson, E., Fallon, B., Black, T., & Trocmé, N. (2017). Examining child welfare decisions and services for Asian-Canadian versus White-Canadian children and families in the child welfare system. Child Maltreatment. 22(2):132-144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559517690829
Lee, B., Fuller-Thomson, E., Fallon, B., Trocmé, N. & Black, T. (2017). Asian-Canadian children and families involved in the child welfare system in Canada: A mixed methods study. Child Abuse & Neglect. 70, 342-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.022
Lee, B., Fuller-Thomson, E., Trocmé, N., Fallon, B. & Black, T. (2016). Delineating disproportionality and disparity of Asian-Canadian versus White-Canadian families in the child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 383-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.023
Leong, F. T. L., & Lau, A. S. L. (2001). Barriers to providing effective mental health services to Asian Americans. Mental Health Services Research, 3(4), 201–214. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013177014788
Ministry of Children, Community and Social Services (MCCSS). (2018). Reporting child abuse and neglect: It's your duty. http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/childrensaid/reportingabuse/abuseandneglect.aspx
Nesteruk, O., & Marks, L. D. (2011). Parenting in immigration: Experiences of mothers and fathers from Eastern Europe raising children in the United States. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 42(6), 809-825.
Ontario Association of Children’s Aid Societies (OACAS). (2020). Who we are: Mission. http://www.oacas.org/who-we-are/mission/
Ontario Human Rights Commision (OHRC). (2018). Interrupted Childhoods: Over-Representation Of Indigenous And Black Children In Ontario Child Welfare. http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/interrupted-childhoods
Pine, B. A., & Drachman, D. (2005). Effective child welfare practice with immigrant and refugee children and their Families. Child Welfare: Journal of Policy, Practice, and Program, 84(5), 537-562.
Roberts, D. (2002). Shattered bonds: The color of child welfare. Basic Books.
Rodriguez, S. (2019). “We're building the community; it's a hub for democracy.”: Lessons learned from a library-based, school-district partnership and program to increase belonging for newcomer immigrant and refugee youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 102, 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.04.025
Sakamoto, I. (2007). A critical examination of immigrant acculturation: Toward an anti-oppressive social work model with immigrant adults in a pluralistic society. British Journal of Social Work, 37(3), 515-535. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcm024
Scheppers, E., van Donge, E., Dekker, J., Geertzen, J., & Dekker, J. (2006). Potential barriers to the use of health services among ethnic minorities: A review. Family Practice, 23, 325–348. http://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmi113
Shields, M., Tonmyr, L., Morin, Y., Hovdestad, W., Adams, N., Esposito, T., Jervis, L., MacIsaac, S., Pang, C., Peterson, M., Thompson, D., Chabot, M., & Trocmé, N. (2021). Testing for seasonality in Canadian child welfare investigations. Children and Youth Services Review, 122, 105878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105878
Segal, U. A., & Mayadas, N. S. (2005). Assessment of issues facing immigrant and refugee families. Child welfare: Journal of Policy, Practice, and Program, 84(5), 563–583.
Statistics Canada. (2010). Canada’s Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census: Definitions. Statistic Canada catalogue no. 97-562-XIE2006001. Ottawa Ontario. Feb. 11, 2010. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-562/note-eng.cfm
Statistics Canada. (2013). Canada’s total population estimates, 2013. Statistics Canada catalogue no. 11-001-X. Ottawa, Ontario. September 26, 2013. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/daily-quotidien/130926/dq130926a-eng.pdf?st=yTUZn3BW
Statistics Canada. (2017a). Children with an immigrant background: Bridging cultures. Statistics Canada catalogue no. 98-200-X2016015. Ottawa, Ontario. October 25, 2017. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016015/98-200-x2016015-eng.pdf
Statistics Canada. (2017b). Immigration and ethnocultural diversity: Key results from the 2016 Census. Statistics Canada catalogue no. 11-001-X. Ottawa, Ontario. October 25, 2017. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/daily-quotidien/171025/dq171025b-eng.pdf?st=F8Ys0KUT
Statistics Canada. (2017c). An increasingly diverse linguistic profile: Corrected data from the 2016 Census. Statistics Canada catalogue no. no. 11-001-X. Ottawa, Ontario. August 17, 2017. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/daily-quotidien/170817/dq170817a-eng.pdf?st=giO0iVKe
Statistics Canada. (2017d). Ontario and Canada. Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
Statistics Canada. (2018). Immigration and ethnocultural diversity in Canada. Catalogue no. 99-010-X. Ottawa. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-010-x/99-010-x2011001-eng.cfm#a4
Statistics Canada. (2019). Classification of admission category of immigrant. https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3VD.pl?Function=getVD&TVD=323293&CVD=323294&CLV=0&MLV=4&D=1
Stewart, M., Anderson, J., Beiser, M., Mwakarimba, E., Neufeld, A., Simich, L., & Spitzer, D. (2008). Multicultural meanings of social support among immigrants and refugees. International Migration, 46(3), 123-159.
Suárez-Orozco, C., Gaytán, F. X., Bang, H. J., Pakes, J., O'Connor, E., & Rhodes, J. (2010). Academic trajectories of newcomer immigrant youth. Developmental psychology, 46(3), 602-618. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018201
Tomson, M. S., Chaze, F., George, U., & Guruge, S. (2015). Improving immigrant populations’ access to mental health services in Canada: a review of barriers and recommendations. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 17(6), 1895-1905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0175-3
Trocmé, N., Fallon, B., Sinha, V., Van Wert, M., Kozlowski, A., & MacLaurin, B. (2013). Differentiating between child protection and family support in the Canadian child welfare system's response to intimate partner violence, corporal punishment, and child neglect. International journal of psychology, 48(2), 128-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2013.765571
Trocmé, N., Knoke, D., & Blackstock, C. (2004). Pathways to the overrepresentation of Aboriginal children in Canada’s child welfare system. Social Service Review, 78(4), 577-600. https://doi.org/10.1086/424545
Turner, T. (2016). One Vision One Voice: Changing the Ontario Child Welfare System to Better Serve African Canadians. Practice Framework Part 2: Race Equity Practices. Ontario Association of Children’s Aid Societies. http://www.oacas.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/One-Vision-One-Voice-Part-2_digital_english-May-2019.pdf