Keywords
coronavirus
psychological distress
mentalization
intervention
How to Cite
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with an increase in psychological distress among pregnant women. The aim of this article is to evaluate the acceptability of the STEP-COVID program (Supporting Transition and Engagement in Parenthood in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic), an online, synchronous prenatal group intervention designed to support well-being, mentalization and resilience.
Method: Twenty-one pregnant women, from Quebec, participated in the program and completed measures of psychological symptoms and mentalization before and after the intervention, as well as a scale assessing their perception of changes in domains associated with resilience. After each session, they completed a questionnaire assessing their appreciation of the program.
Results: The 18 participants (86%) who completed the program reported high levels of satisfaction after each session and at the end of the intervention. A reduction in anxiety-depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress symptoms, and an improvement in reflexive functions were observed between the beginning and end of the program. Participants also reported positive changes in spheres of functioning associated with resilience.
Conclusion: The results support the acceptability of the STEP-COVID program and suggest that offering a brief online group intervention is appreciated by participants, which appears to promote a reduction in psychological distress and an improvement in mentalizing, and may contribute to resilience in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
References
Ahmad, M., & Vismara, L. (2021). The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on women's mental health during pregnancy: A rapid evidence review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), Article 7112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137112
Aldrich, N. J., Chen, J., & Alfieri, L. (2021). Evaluating associations between parental mind-mindedness and children’s developmental capacities through meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 60, Article 100946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100946
Allen, J. G., Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (2008). Mentalizing in Clinical Practice. American Psychiatric Publishing.
Ashbaugh, A. R., Houle-Johnson, S., Herbert, C., El-Hage, W., & Brunet, A. (2016). Psychometric validation of the English and French versions of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). PLoS One, 11(10), Article e0161645. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161645
Ayala, G. X., & Elder, J.P. (2011). Qualitative methods to ensure acceptability of behavioral and social interventions to the target population. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 71(S1), S69-S79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.2011.00241.x
Badoud, D., Luyten, P., Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Eliez, S., Fonagy, P., & Debbane, M. (2015). The French Version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire: Validity data for adolescents and adults and its association with non-suicidal self-injury. PLoS One, 10(12), Article e0145892. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145892
Bateman, A., Campbell, C., Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2018). A mentalization-based approach to common factors in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.09.005
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2012). Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice. American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bateman A, & Fonagy P. (2015). Borderline personality disorder and mood disorders: Mentalizing as a framework for integrated treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(8), 792-804. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22206
Beauvais, M. (2004). Des principes éthiques pour une philosophie de l'accompagnement. Savoirs, 3(6), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.3917/savo.006.0099
Bernier, A., McMahon, C. A., & Perrier, R. (2017). Maternal mind-mindedness and children’s school readiness: A longitudinal study of developmental processes. Developmental Psychology, 53(2), 210-221. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000225
Bérard, A., Gorgui, J., Tchuente, V., Lacasse, A., Gomez, Y.-H., Côté, S., King, S., Muanda, F., Mufike Mufike, Y, Boucoiran, I., Nuyt A. M., Quach, C. Ferreira, E., Kaul, P., Winquist, B., O’Donnell, K., Eltonsy, S., Chateau, D., Zhao, J., … Zaphiratos, V. (2022). The COVID-19 Pandemic Impacted Maternal Mental Health Differently Depending on Pregnancy Status and Trimester of Gestation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), Article 2926. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052926
Berthelot, N., Drouin-Maziade, C., Garon-Bissonnette, J., Lemieux, R., Sériès, T., & Lacharité, C. (2021). Evaluation of the acceptability of a prenatal program for women with histories of childhood trauma: The program STEP. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 772706. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.772706
Berthelot, N., & Garon-Bissonnette, J. (2022). Modèle développemental des cycles intergénérationnels de maltraitance. Dans D. St-Laurent, K. Dubois-Comtois, & C. Cyr (Éds.), La maltraitance - Perspective développementale et écologique-transactionnelle (pp. 99-124). Presses de l’Université du Québec.
Berthelot, N., Garon-Bissonnette, J., Lemieux, R., & Drouin-Maziade, C. (2020). Questionnaire sur les changements dans les domaines de fonctionnement en cours de grossesse. Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières.
Berthelot, N., Goupil, É., Drouin-Maziade, C., Lacharité, L., Lemieux, R., & Garon-Bissonnette, J. (Sous-presse). L’expérience des participantes au programme STEP : une intervention prénatale pour les femmes ayant subi de mauvais traitements durant leur enfance. Revue de Psychoéducation.
Berthelot, N., Lemieux, R., Garon-Bissonnette, J., Drouin-Maziade, C., Martel, E., & Maziade, M. (2020). Uptrend in distress and psychiatric symptomatology in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 99(7), 848-855. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13925
Berthelot, N., Lemieux, R., Garon-Bissonnette, J., Lacharite, C., & Muzik, M. (2019). The protective role of mentalizing: Reflective functioning as a mediator between child maltreatment, psychopathology and parental attitude in expecting parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 95, Article 104065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104065
Berthelot, N., Lemieux, R., & Lacharité, C. (2018). Development of a prenatal program for adults with personal histories of childhood abuse or neglect: A Delphi consensus consultation study. Maladies Chroniques et Blessures au Canada, 38(11), 393-403. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.38.11.01
Bleker, L. S., De Rooij, S. R., & Roseboom, T. J. (2019). Programming effects of prenatal stress on neurodevelopment - The pitfall of introducing a self-fulfilling prophecy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), Article 2301. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/13/2301
Bleker, L. S., Milgrom, J., Sexton-Oates, A., Parker, D., Roseboom, T. J., Gemmill, A. W., Holt, C. J., Saffery, R., Connelly, A., Burger, H., & De Rooij, S. R. (2020). Cognitive behavioral therapy for antenatal depression in a pilot randomized controlled trial and effects on neurobiological, behavioral and cognitive outcomes in offspring 3-7 years postpartum: A perspective article on study findings, limitations and future aims. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, Article 34. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00034
Bowen, D. J., Kreuter, M., Spring, B., Cofta-Woerpel, L., Linnan, L., Weiner, D., Bakken, S., Patrick Kaplan, C., Squiers, L., Fabrizio, C., & Fernadez, M. (2009). How we design feasibility studies. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36(5), 452-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.02.002
Bridgland, V. M. E., Moeck, E. K., Green, D. M., Swain, T. L., Nayda, D. M., Matson, L. A., Hutchison, N. P., & Takarangi, M. K. T. (2021). Why the COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic stressor. PLoS One, 16(1), Article e0240146. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240146
Buekens, P., Alger, J., Bréart, G., Cafferata, M. L., Harville, E., & Tomasso, G. (2020). A call for action for COVID-19 surveillance and research during pregnancy. The Lancet Global Health, 8(7), e877-e878. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30206-0
Bussières, E.-L., Tarabulsy, G. M., Pearson, J., Tessier, R., Forest, J.-C., & Giguère, Y. (2015). Maternal prenatal stress and infant birth weight and gestational age: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Developmental Review, 36, 179-199. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.04.001
Byrne, G., Murphy, S., & Connon, G. (2020). Mentalization-based treatments with children and families: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25(4), 1022-1048. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104520920689
Campos-Garzon, C., Riquelme-Gallego, B., de la Torre-Luque, A., & Caparros-Gonzalez, R. A. (2021). Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pregnant Women: A Scoping Review. Behavioral sciences, 11(12), Article 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11120181
Ceulemans, M., Hompes, T., & Foulon, V. (2020). Mental health status of pregnant and breastfeeding women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 151(1), 146-147, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13295
Chmielewska, B., Barratt, I., Townsend, R., Kalafat, E., van der Meulen, J., Gurol-Urganci, I., O'Brien, P., Morris, E., Draycott, T., Thangaratinam, S., Le Doare, K., Ladhani, S., von Dadelszen, P., Magee, L., & Khalil, A. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Global Health, 9(6), e759-e772. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00079-6
Collin-Vézina, D., Brend, D., & Beeman, I. (2020). When it counts the most: Trauma-informed care and the COVID-19 global pandemic. Developmental Child Welfare, 2(3), 172-179. https://doi.org/10.1177/2516103220942530
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, 3rd Edition. SAGE Publications.
Demissie, D. B., & Bitew, Z. W. (2021). Mental health effect of COVID-19 pandemic among women who are pregnant and/or lactating: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211026195
Denckla, C. A., Cicchetti, D., Kubzansky, L. D., Seedat, S., Teicher, M. H., Williams, D. R., & Koenen, K. C. (2020). Psychological resilience: An update on definitions, a critical appraisal, and research recommendations. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), Article 1822064. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1822064
Drouin-Maziade, C., Lemieux, R., & Berthelot, N. (2019). STEP : Guide d’accompagnement à l’intention des participants, version 1.0. Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières.
Duguay, G., Garon-Bissonnette, J., Lemieux, R., Dubois-Comtois, K., Mayrand, K., & Berthelot, N. (2022). Psychological distress in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic and infant development. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 16(1), Article 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00458-x
Ensink, K., Berthelot, N., Bernazzani, O., Normandin, L., & Fonagy, P. (2014). Another step closer to measuring the ghosts in the nursery: Preliminary validation of the Trauma Reflective Functioning Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 1471. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01471
Ensink, K., Normandin, L., Plamondon, A., Berthelot, N., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Intergenerational pathways from reflective functioning to infant attachment through parenting. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 48(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000030
Fan, S., Guan, J., Cao, L., Wang, M., Zhao, H., Chen, L., & Yan, L. (2021). Psychological effects caused by COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 56, Article 102533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102533
Feduniw, S., Modzelewski, J., Kajdy, A., Sys, D., Kwiatkowski, S., Makomaska-Szaroszyk, E., & Rabijewski, M. (2021). Anxiety of pregnant women in time of catastrophic events, including COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2021.1985453
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. Other Press.
Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., Moulton-Perkins, A., Lee, Y.-W., Warren, F., Howard, S., Ghinai, R., Fearon, P., & Lowyck, B. (2016). Development and validation of a self-report measure of mentalizing: The reflective functioning questionnaire. PLoS One, 11(7), Article e0158678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158678
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (2006). The mentalization-focused approach to self pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20(6), 544-576. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2006.20.6.544
Gamache, D., Savard, C., Lemieux, R., & Berthelot, N. (2022). Impact of level of personality pathology on affective, behavioral, and thought problems in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research and Treatment, 13(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000479
Garon-Bissonnette, J., Duguay, G., Lemieux, R., Dubois-Comtois, K., & Berthelot, N. (2022). Maternal childhood abuse and neglect predicts offspring development in early childhood: The roles of reflective functioning and child sex. Child Abuse & Neglect, 128, Article 105030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105030
Glover, V. (2011). Annual Research Review: Prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(4), 356-367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02371.x
Gravel R., Connolly D., & Bédard M. (2003). Enquête sur la Santé dans les Collectivités Canadiennes (ESCC) : Santé Mentale Et Bien-Être. Cycle 2.1. Statistique Canada.
Harrison, V., Moulds, M. L., & Jones, K. (2021). Perceived social support and prenatal wellbeing; The mediating effects of loneliness and repetitive negative thinking on anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Women and Birth: Journal of the Australian College of Midwives, 35(3), 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.12.014
Jeličić, L., Sovilj, M., Bogavac, I., Drobnjak, A., Gouni, O., Kazmierczak, M., & Subotić, M. (2021). The impact of maternal anxiety on early child development during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 6119. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.792053
Katznelson, H. (2014). Reflective functioning: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(2), 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.003
Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L. T., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959-976. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702006074
Lassri, D., & Desatnik, A. (2020). Losing and regaining reflective functioning in the times of COVID-19: Clinical risks and opportunities from a mentalizing approach. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S38-S40. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000760
Lebel, C., MacKinnon, A., Bagshawe, M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., & Giesbrecht, G. (2020). Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of affective disorders, 277, 5-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7395614/pdf/main.pdf
Lemieux, R., Berthelot, N., & Drouin-Maziade, C. (2021). Mauvais traitements dans l'enfance et réactions traumatiques : interférences avec le rôle parental. Dans G. Piché, A. Vilatte, & S. Bourque (Eds.), Trouble mental chez le parent : Enjeux familiaux et implications cliniques (pp. 187-208). Presses de l’Université du Québec.
Liu, C. H., Erdei, C., & Mittal, L. (2021). Risk factors for depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms in perinatal women during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 295, Article 113552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113552
Luecken, L. J., Lin, B., Coburn, S. S., MacKinnon, D. P., Gonzales, N. A., & Crnic, K. A. (2013). Prenatal stress, partner support, and infant cortisol reactivity in low-income Mexican American families. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(12), 3092-3101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.006
Luyten, P., Campbell, C., Allison, E., & Fonagy, P. (2020). The mentalizing approach to psychopathology: State of the art and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16, 297-325. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071919-015355
Luyten, P., Nijssens, L., Fonagy, P., & Mayes, L. C. (2017). Parental reflective functioning: Theory, research, and clinical applications. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 70(1), 174-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.2016.1277901
Madigan, S., Oatley, H., Racine, N., Fearon, R. M. P., Schumacher, L., Akbari, E., Cooke, J. E., & Tarabulsy, G. M. (2018). A meta-analysis of maternal prenatal depression and anxiety on child socioemotional development. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(9), 645-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.012
Meaney, M. J. (2018). Perinatal maternal depressive symptoms as an issue for population health. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(11), 1084-1093. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17091031
Nishimi, K., Choi, K., Cerutti, J., Powers, A., Bradley, B., & Dunn, E. (2021). Measures of adult psychological resilience following early-life adversity: How congruent are different measures? Psychological Medicine, 51(15), 2637-2646. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001191
Paul, M. (2012). L'accompagnement comme posture professionnelle spécifique : L'exemple de l'éducation thérapeutique du patient. Recherche en soins infirmiers, 3(110), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.3917/rsi.110.0013
Penner, F., & Rutherford, H. J. V. (2022). Emotion regulation during pregnancy: A call to action for increased research, screening, and intervention. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 25(2), 527-531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-022-01204-0
Piché, G., & Villatte, A. (2021). Anxiété et dépression parentale : facteurs et mécanismes de vulnérabilité. Dans G. Piché, A. Vilatte, & S. Bourque (Eds.), Trouble mental chez le parent : Enjeux familiaux et implications cliniques (pp. 9-32). Presses de l’Université du Québec.
Provenzi, L., Grumi, S., Altieri, L., Bensi, G., Bertazzoli, E., Biasucci, G., Cavallini, A., Decembrino, L., Falcone, R., Freddi, A., Gardella, B., Giacchero, R., Giorda, R., Grossi, E., Guerini, P., Magnani, M. L., Martelli, P., Motta, M., Nacinovich, R., ... MOM-COPE Study Group (2021). Prenatal maternal stress during the COVID-19 pandemic and infant regulatory capacity at 3 months: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychopathology, Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421000766
Riley, V., Ellis, N., Mackay, L., & Taylor, J. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on women's pregnancy and postpartum experience in England: A qualitative exploration. Midwifery, 101, Article 103061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.103061
Sisto, A., Vicinanza, F., Campanozzi, L. L., Ricci, G., Tartaglini, D., & Tambone, V. (2019). Towards a transversal definition of psychological resilience: A literature review. Medicina, 55(11), Article 745. https://www.doi.org/1648-9144/55/11/745
Slade, A. (2005). Parental reflective functioning: An introduction. Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), 269-281. http://www.doi.org/10.1080/14616730500245906
Slade, A., Grienenberger, J., Bernbach, E., Levy, D., & Locker, A. (2005). Maternal reflective functioning, attachment, and the transmission gap: A preliminary study. Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), 283-298. http://www.doi.org/10.1080/14616730500245880
Smolak, D., & Brunet, L. (2020). Réflexion psychanalytique sur l’expérience du soin en contexte humanitaire. Revue québécoise de psychologie, 41(2), 45–66. https://doi.org/10.7202/1072286ar
Spies, G., Stein, D. J., Roos, A., Faure, S. C., Mostert, J., Seedat, S., & Vythilingum, B. (2009). Validity of the Kessler 10 (K-10) in detecting DSM-IV defined mood and anxiety disorders among pregnant women. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 12(2), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-009-0050-0
Stapleton, L. R., Schetter, C. D., Westling, E., Rini, C., Glynn, L. M., Hobel, C. J., & Sandman, C. A. (2012). Perceived partner support in pregnancy predicts lower maternal and infant distress. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(3), 453-463. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028332
Statistiques Canada (2019). Seuils de faible revenu (SFR) avant et après impôt selon la taille de la communauté et la taille de la famille, en dollars courants.
Sun, F., Zhu, J., Tao, H., Ma, Y., & Jin, W. (2021). A systematic review involving 11,187 participants evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on anxiety and depression in pregnant women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 42(2), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2020.1857360
Tarabulsy, G. M., Pearson, J., Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., Bussieres, E. L., Madigan, S., Lemelin, J. P., Duchesneau, A. A., Hatier, D. E., & Royer, F. (2014). Meta-analytic findings of the relation between maternal prenatal stress and anxiety and child cognitive outcome. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 35(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000003
Thapa, S. B., Mainali, A., Schwank, S. E., & Acharya, G. (2020). Maternal mental health in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 99(7), 817-818. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13894
Tomfohr-Madsen, L. M., Racine, N., Giesbrecht, G. F., Lebel, C., & Madigan, S. (2021). Depression and anxiety in pregnancy during COVID-19: A rapid review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 300, Article 113912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113912
Venta, A., Bick, J., & Bechelli, J. (2021). COVID-19 threatens maternal mental health and infant development: Possible paths from stress and isolation to adverse outcomes and a call for research and practice. Child Psychiatry and Humand Development, 52(2), 200-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01140-7
Vieira, L. G., Camargo, E. L. J. S., Schneider, G., da Silva, G. P. R., Thomazini, M., Possani, M. A., Matioli, M. R., & de Sousa Ibiapina, A. R. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of pregnant and puerperal women: A systematic review. The Open Nursing Journal, 15(S1), 388-398. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874434602115010388
Wei, S. Q., Bilodeau-Bertrand, M., Liu, S., & Auger, N. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 193(16), E540-E548. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.202604
Wilkins, K. C., Lang, A. J., & Norman, S. B. (2011). Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depression & Anxiety, 28(7), 596-606. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20837
Yan, H., Ding, Y., & Guo, W. (2020). Mental health of pregnant and postpartum women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 617001. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.617001
Yatziv, T., Simchon, A., Manco, N., Gilead, M., & Rutherford, H. J. V. (2022). Parental mentalizing during a pandemic: Use of mental-state language on parenting social media before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Psychological Science. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026211062612
Zeegers, M. A., Colonnesi, C., Stams, G.-J. J., & Meins, E. (2017). Mind matters: A meta-analysis on parental mentalization and sensitivity as predictors of infant–parent attachment. Psychological Bulletin, 143(12), 1245-1272. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000114