Abstract
Objectives: Since October 2023, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has particularly affected international communities and diasporas. Within Quebec, Canada, these tensions added to existing social polarization, not sparing the school environment, by creating feelings of fear, anger, powerlessness, deteriorating school climate, and hindering individuals’ and groups’ ability to empathize with one another. This article reports a rapid intervention aimed at mitigating distress and hate in the educational environment through training and supporting school teams.
Methods: Five training webinars were organized for school professionals within the Quebec Ministry of Education. Pre-webinar surveys were disseminated to participants to identify if and how the conflict had impacted their school environment to inform trainings. A thematic analysis was carried out on pre-webinar survey responses, chat feedback and field notes collected throughout the webinars.
Results: Having an opportunity to share and address concerns, receive reassurance, positive reinforcement, and guidance around strategies, proved to be helpful for school teams. In a context of crisis and politicized emotions, the intervention legitimized a range of emotional responses, addressed school team and community divides, and encouraged double empathy while acknowledging its limits. Finally, these activities also unveiled the potential dangers associated with silencing dissent and highlighted the value of mobilizing agency around school teams’ common mandate to educate and protect children from all communities, and in spite of the expression of divergent solidarities.
Implications: In times of crisis, school team and youth engagement in empathy-based activities facilitating non-judgmental expression and awareness of the Other can appease heightened emotions and prepare for dialogue, healing, and coexistence as a way forward.
References
Allen, K-A., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Waters, L. (2016). Fostering school belonging in secondary schools using a socio-ecological framework. The Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 33(1), 97-121. https://doi.org/10.1017/edp.2016.5
BBC News. (2017, August 24). Profile: Arab league. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15747941
Bongiorno, J. (2023, November 9). Police investigating shots fired overnight at 2 Jewish schools in Montreal. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/jewish-schools-doors-shot-1.7023759
Braun V., & Clarke V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676x.2019.1628806
Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2
Cinelli, M., De Francisci, G. M., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(9), e2023301118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118
City News. (2023, December 13). Hate crimes, incidents against Montreal’s Arab-Muslim, Jewish communities continue to increase. City News. https://montreal.citynews.ca/2023/12/13/hate-crimes-jewish-arab-muslim-montreal/
Darling-Hammond, L., & Cook-Harvey, C. M. (2018). Educating the whole child: Improving school climate to support student success. Learning Policy Institute. https://doi.org/10.54300/145.655
De Haan, M. (2023). The ’every day’ of polarisation in schools; Understanding polarisation as (not)dialogue. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2023.2237986
Dubois, C-A. (2023). Nous sommes tous concernés par les violences au Moyen-Orient. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 115(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-023-00847-5
El-Majzoub, S., Vanier-Clément, A., & Rousseau, C. (2023). Muslim communities and the covid-19 pandemic: The complex faces of protection. In L. D’haenens & A. Mekki-Berrada (Eds.), Islamophobia as a form of radicalisation: Perspectives on media, academia and socio-political scapes from Europe and Canada (pp. 229-246). Leuven University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv34h08d2.16
Haines, B. J. (2023, November 9). 3 injured, 1 arrested as Concordia students clash over Israel-Hamas conflict. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/10080916/concordia-university-clash-israel-hamas/
Hassan, G., Brouillette-Alarie, S., Alava, S., Frau-Meigs, D., Lavoie, L., Fetiu, A., Varela, W., Borokhovski, E., Venkatesh, V., Rousseau, C., & Sieckelinck, S. (2018). Exposure to extremist online content could lead to violent radicalization: A systematic review of empirical evidence. International Journal of Developmental Science, 12(1-2), 71-88. https://doi.org/10.3233/DEV-170233
Johnson, J. L., Adkins, D., & Chauvin, S. (2020). A review of the quality indicators of rigor in qualitative research. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(1), Article 7120. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7120
Kaul, M., VanGronigen, B. A., & Simon, N. S. (2020). Calm during crisis: School principal approaches to crisis management during the COVID-19 pandemic. CPRE Policy Briefs. Consortium for Policy Research in Education. https://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_policybriefs/89
League of Arab States (LAS) (2024). League of Arab States: Member states. http://www.lasportal.org/en/aboutlas/Pages/CountryData.aspx
Madoc-Jones, G. (2023, November 11). Montreal Jewish and Muslim community leaders calling for peace among rising tensions. City News. https://montreal.citynews.ca/2023/11/11/montreal-jewish-and-muslim-community-leaders-calling-for-peace-among-rising-tensions/
Miconi, D., Rousseau, C., Audet, G., Johnson-Lafleur, J., Papazian-Zohrabian, G., Venkatesh, V., & Oulhote, Y. (2023). Social polarization in secondary schools: How to promote well-being and reduce violence among adolescents? Recherche et Action sur les polarisations sociales (RAPS). https://sherpa-recherche.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Miconi_researchreport_year1.pdf
Milton, D. E. M. (2012). On the ontological status of autism: The 'double empathy problem'. Disability & Society, 27(6), 883-887. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2012.710008
Milton, D. E. M. (2017). A mismatch of salience: Explorations of the nature of autism from theory to practice. Pavilion Press.
Milton, D. E. M., Heasman, B., & Sheppard, E. (2018). Double empathy. In F. R. Volkmar (Ed.), Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders (pp. 1464-1469). Springer.
Ministère de la famille. (2021). S'engager collectivement pour une société sans intimidation. Plan d'action concerté pour prévenir et contrer l'intimidation et la cyberintimidation 2020-2025. Gouvernement du Québec. https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/adm/min/famille/publications-adm/intimidation/plan-action-intimidation-2020-2025.pdf
Ministère de l’Éducation. (2024). Preventing radicalization leading to violence in schools. https://www.education.gouv.qc.ca/en/contenus-communs/teachers/preventing-radicalization-leading-to-violence-in-schools
Morse, J. M. (2015). Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1212-1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315588501
Olivier, A., & Henriquez, G. (2023, October 13). Security concerns prompt extra vigilance in Montreal as Middle East conflict continues. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/10023315/montreal-security-concerns-israel-hamas-conflict/
Rousseau C., Aggarwal N. K., Kirmayer L. J. (2021). Radicalization to violence: A view from cultural psychiatry. Transcultural Psychiatry, 58(5), 603-615. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615211048010
Rousseau, C., Frounfelker, R., Ngov, C. & Crocker. A. (2023). Clinical services addressing violent extremism: The Quebec model. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 22(3), 222-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2022.2147254
Rousseau, C., Gomez-Carrillo, A., & Cénat, J. M. (2022). Safe enough? Rethinking the concept of cultural safety in healthcare and training. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 221(4), 587-588. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2022.102
Service de police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM). (2020). Crimes haineux. https://spvm.qc.ca/upload/rapport_en_ligne/crime_et_incident_haineux/Crimes_haineux_-_Service_de_police_de_la_Ville_de_Montreal_SPVM.pdf
Service de police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM). (2022). Crime haineux et incidents à caractère haineux. https://spvm.qc.ca/upload/pages/crime_haineux/19975-SPVM-Depliant_Crime_haineux-francais_FINAL_2.pdf
Statistics Canada. (2021). Census profile, 2021 census of population. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
Statistics Canada. (2023). Police-reported hate crime, by type of motivation, selected regions and Canada (selected police services). https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3510006601
Winnicott, D. (1960). The theory of the parent-child relationship. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41, 585-595.
Zhang, K., & Jiang, J. H. (2023). Embracing peace: A path forward for Israeli-Palestinian conflict resolution. Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 6(10), 322-326. https://doi.org/10.33140/JHSS.06.10.01